Recap on language and ...

So back to the AS stuff, let's beging with:

Language and Gender

All you need to remember is the 3Ds and the 2Cs. 

3Ds:

Deficit - this is about how women's language is less assertive like Janet Holmes (1984), found out more women use facilitative tags to show softening concer compared to men who are more likely to use medal tags to seek information

Domimce - how the mans language in a conversation likes to dominate like shown by Zimmerman and West (1975), show men are more likely to interrupt in a conversation.

Difference - comparing men and women's language in same or different sex conversations 

This can be linked to the 2Cs. This research is done by Deborah Tannen and Jenifer Coates: 

Competition - the adversarial style of a conversation, where the speakers vie for turns and where participants are more likely o contradict each other that build on each other's contributions. This is more likely to be a part of a mans conversation.

Co-operation - refers to a type on conversation where work together to produce share meanings. This is more likely to be linked to a what type of conversation women speak.

One more good linguist to remember is Robin Lakoff - the politeness principle and the theory of how women are mor likey to comply to the grammatical rules than men.

More theories and theorists below: 

Language and Power 

 

Remember the 2 Is: 

Instrumental - assertive power like rules and codes.

Influentail - persuasive power like advertising and speeches.

These two are important to think about for the context of CLA as parents want to use a mixture of both to assert power over their child. More instrumental through imperative sentences when they want to stop their children from doing something, but more influential power through intterogtive and declarative sentences. 

Other important theorists to know:

Brown and Levinson - how positive face = positive politeness and negative face = negative politeness, which the speaker can also use to be tactical as well.

Norman Fairclough - about how power is used behind and in the discourse, the use of synthetic personalisation to create a artificial relationship between the reciter and the producer, especially used in advertising/infulentail power.

This is good to think about when coming to language change.

Language and Technology 

This link here is to a very interesting article about who in the UK swears the most of twitter! This shows how language around the country is changing as some people are more strict with their language where other just freely say whatever they want!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29124416